Personally-mediated or Interpersonal Racism: Prejudice (differential assumptions) and discrimination (differential actions) by individuals towards others.Structural, Institutional, or Systemic Racism: Differential access to the goods, services, and opportunities of society by race.There are various forms of racism that-for more than 400 years-have defined and created most of the inequitable structures that exist in our society and lead to health inequities today. Racism is a system, supported and maintained through institutional structures and policies, cultural norms and values, and individual behaviors. As a result, people who have experienced discrimination may be affected by layered health and social inequities.Ī growing body of research shows that racism has occurred for centuries at many levels in society in the United States and has had a negative impact on communities of color. Discrimination often has a negative effect on the people and groups who experience it and some people who belong to groups that historically have experienced discrimination, such as people with disabilities, people experiencing homelessness, and people who are incarcerated or detained. Discrimination exists in many systems in society including those meant to protect well-being or health such as health care, housing, education, criminal justice, and finance. ![]() ![]() ![]() Social and community context also includes discrimination – or the unfair treatment of people or groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation. For example, children of incarcerated or detained parents may gain from their parents’ participation in reentry programs that assist with job placement or offer parenting support, and lesbian, gay or bi-sexual high school students who are bullied would benefit from school-based programs to reduce violence and prevent bullying. Interventions are critical to protecting the health and well-being of people who do not get the level of support they need to thrive from their social and community context. These disparities sometimes persist even when accounting for other demographic and socioeconomic factors, such as age or income.Ĭommunities can prevent health disparities when community- and faith-based organizations, employers, healthcare systems and providers, public health agencies, and policymakers work together to develop policies, programs, and systems based on a health equity framework and community needs.Ī person’s social and community context includes their interactions with the places they live, work, learn, play, and worship and their relationships with family, friends, co-workers, community members, and institutions. For example, the average life expectancy among Black or African American people in the United States is four years lower than that of White people. Many populations experience health disparities, including people from some racial and ethnic minority groups, people with disabilities, women, people who are LGBTQI+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, or other), people with limited English proficiency, and other groups.Īcross the country, people in some racial and ethnic minority groups experience higher rates of poor health and disease for a range of health conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, asthma, heart disease, cancer, and preterm birth, when compared to their White counterparts. Health disparities are preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by populations that have been disadvantaged by their social or economic status, geographic location, and environment.
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